Hurihanga Kaupapa Ture Īrāna

Te Hurihanga Kaupapa Ture Pahia (reo Pāhia: مشروطیت, ki ngā pūāhua Rātini: Mashrūtiyyat, انقلاب مشروطه ranei^[1] Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), e mōhiotia ana ko te Hurihanga Ture o Īrāna, i tū i waenganui i te tau 1905 me te 1911^[2] i te wā o te kāwai rangatira o Qajar. Ko te hurihanga i arai ki te whakatu i tetahi paremata i Pahia (Irana),^[2] a kua kiia ko te "wahanga hanga wa i roto i te hitori hou o Pahia".^[3]

Ko te hurihanga "ko te tuatahi o tona ahua i roto i te ao Ihirama, i mua atu i te hurihanga o nga Pūhou Tureke i te tau 1908". I whakatuwherahia te ara mo te wa hou i Pahia, me te tautohetohe i roto i te perehi kaha. He maha nga roopu i whawhai ki te hanga i te huarahi o te hurihanga. Ko te ota tawhito, i tohe a Shah Naser al-Din Shah Qajar mo te wa roa ki te tautoko, i whakakapia e nga umanga hou.

Na tenei i ara ake he tuarua me nga ope kaupapa ture e hīkoi ana ki Terana, i pehia te whakahekenga a Mohammad Ali Shah mo tana tama iti a Ahmad Shah Qajar, me te whakatu ano i te kaupapa ture i te tau 1909.

I mutu te hurihanga i te Hakihea 1911 i te wa i tirotirohia ai e nga minita a Shah te pananga o nga kaitohutohu o te Kaunihera Tuarua mai i te paremata me te tautoko o nga hoia Ruhia 12,000".^[4]

I muri mai i te tukitukitanga a Irana i te tau 1921 (reo Pāhia: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹), I whakarereketia e te paremata o Iran te kaupapa ture i te Hakihea 12, 1925, i whakakapi i te whare rangatira o Qajar 1797–1925 ki te whare Pahlavi hei rangatira mana mo Irana. Ko te kaupapa ture o te tau 1906–1907, ahakoa karekau i u, ka noho tonu i muri i te Hurihanga Ihirama ka whakamanahia he kaupapa ture hou i te 2 me te 3 o Hakihea 1979 ka whakatuu he Repupiripia Ihirama.^[5]

Tohutoro

↑ Tilmann J. Röder, "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives" in Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2012), pp. 321–372.
1 2 Amanat 1992, pp. 163–176.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iranicaonline
↑ The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation by Sandra Mackey, New York : Dutton, 1996, pp. 150–155
↑ Mahmood T. Davari (2004). The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-29488-6.

[1] Tilmann J. Röder, "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives" in Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2012), pp. 321–372.

[FOOTNOTEAmanat1992163–176-2] 1 2 Amanat 1992, pp. 163–176.

[iranicaonline-3] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named iranicaonline

[Mackey-1996-150-4] The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation by Sandra Mackey, New York : Dutton, 1996, pp. 150–155

[Davari2004-5] Mahmood T. Davari (2004). The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-29488-6.

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